BML Issue June 2021

Editorial

  

E khai, chah Covid-19 rimâ cha, a vaw pai via ngâ kaw khiahma tah ngâno ta, eikha pi ta, eima India râh cha  2^nd Wave ta maniah vaw chanaoh heih ta, lockdown ta vaw pazi pâ lymâ ta, eima puhpa nah, BML nôpaw nah, a pahchaipa ta Puhpa K. Vanlalliana, Secretary, BML & Sr. EO phahnaingiahna zawhzi ta, a daihti ta liata Hla nata Bie eima papua pazao thei lymâ tyh nota, May 2021 Issue chhao liahsa patlô khaipa a châ tawhta, lockdown vâta office cha kiah thei khao leipa vaw châ ta, May issue chhao vaw raihpapua thei khao ma pi.

“Pei eima tah ngaita” tahpa hleikhô tao thai’pa a châ khao vei tawhta cha, a daihti hawh pâ kawpa ta vaw papua pi ta, nama pachâ thaina eima châ haw hmeiseih.

Tawhta, atahmâ ta June Issue chhao he reih chiehpa hawhta lockdown vâta May Issue eima raihpapua thei leipa vâta vaw hawh heih hra pi ta, he hleikhô ta July Issue taihta miah kaw hria chy awpa lyu ta, July issue chhao eima vaw papua hawh via heihpa chhaota nama pachâthaina eimâ haw chhielie hmeiseih.

Khazohpa ngiachhiena eima topazy he thata pachâ ta, Khazohpa hnohta alynabie bâh leipa ta a reih ngâthlâh ha awpa eima châ tahpa he my leipa ta, alynabie khâ reih ei suh u.

Covid-19 ta râh hluhpi pabua ta, thina thata atyh ei ta, râh hropa hawhta eima râh heta tao tlai hra mawh ei sih la, hrona khaziema lei aw ta, eima chi nata pho taihta eimâ mua pathlei aw tahpa chi â chhih kaw no ta, Khazohpa ngiachhie, ku thatlôpa ta maniah pazawh thlu ta, miah a pabohsa lymâpa ta â lâ.

Chavâta khatino rai ta Khazohpa liata alynabie reih awpa he eimâ bâh. Marapa sawzy pi he cha Lockdown a châpa chhaota opa lyuhri akiahchoh leipa ta a y thei leipa châ pi ta, râh hropa hawhta paru mawh sala thlai eimâ mua khai thei thlâh ha awpa a châ. Khazohpa ngiachhiena nata chhihthana vâ deita ta abohpa eima châ tahpa he a thiehpa ta pahno chanei heih suh vy.

 

 

  

EI VIASA LÔHKHYZY KHAWH

(Ramâ hawh dei a za châ khai haw!)

 

                                                                  ~ Abie Nôtlia

 

               Chyhsapazy hro liata daihti peimawh chaipa cha eima locho daihti, thyutlia daihti he  a châ thlyu aw. He vâna he tlai ma a châ aw, eima Bible liata chhao, thyutliapazy pi he eima locho daihti pha kawpa ta ahmâh awpa nata, ano maniah taotuhpa Khazohpa athei ngâthlâh ha awpa ta maniah a khona chhâpa he. Chyhsapazy pi heta eima thyutlia locho daihti sôh kawpa he a phana lâta eimâ hmâh thai leipa a châ khiahta cha eima hmialâ daihti lia taihta keimo mopakha hro liata rairuna hluhpi maniah tlôkhei theipa a châ. Anodeikua, chyhsapa Adâ nata Ivyh paraona vâta chhiesapazy pi he eima nô chhi tawhta eikha vaw pih papua pi ta, he hleikhôpa cha pih chanei khao aw ma pi. Eima hrochhôh ta hro apana daihti he cha moto ta eima hnei chyu aw. Anodeikua, khazy vâna khata hnôhsypa ta eima y awpa châ leipa ta, hmahsie achhuahpa ta he Khizaw ahuatlâ viapazy maih ta amâ chapie papuana râh liana heta hmialâ tôhpa ta eima sie hnolo lymâ awpa a châ.

 

Sâhti paripa ta helamawh...

              Eima hawti daihti, khiliah eima khoh lichih nota laihsa eima chareina liata vaih hro lâ tawhta laihsa za charei hrapa satlia nahzy nata eima buana kha pachâ pakhua tyh na ta, daihti khô chiehpa hmahta châ hrasala a paru ta ei pahneih ngâkaw tyh. Kha hawhta ei unawhpa Zochhua zy, Beiphasa, Beingâlai nata Zôsâ zy chhaota Siaha Bazar liata laihsa charei tyh pi ta, eima laihsa chareipa kha eima viasa unawh sahlao liata uhthei chaipa Zochhua (keimo ta cha Pâpâ tahpa ta eima aw tyh) châ khata eima charei tyhpa ta ei pahno. Kha hawhta zâ chareih charei  tyhpa hnaih pi ta, eima tiama kawpa vâ chhao a châ ngyu aw, eima Pâpâ nata eima laihsa nô chhao kha liahsa ta amâ hniahni kaw bâ hra. Eima laihsa charei nota vaih hro lâ tawhta vaw chareipa ama y tyhpazy kha, achâtuhpaw Pâpâ hlâta keimo a ziza liata chhâ tyhpa Beiphasa, Beingâlai, Zôsa zy sahlao pi kha hrohrâ ta eima hie apahâhpa ta, ngiaryh lei awpa nata bie ropahnâh kawpa ta reipazy kha eimâ paoh kaw tyh. Beingâlai chhochhi cha eima laihsa chareipazy  mohropa ta amâ tyupâpa rai rai kha chhyh thai leipa saw châ ta, a châhta cha a buabâ pâ kaw tyh!

              Zâkha cha Siaha Bazar lia pyly ta charei heih pi ta. He zâ he cha khataih liata sâhti kha ma eima va pahrao hmâ tly, eima luh chhao â hri sahlao kaw sai bâ. Eima laihsa chareipa nah ochhôh eimâ zâ ngiapa rai rai kha zâ hro hawhta châ vei.  Beipha nata Beingalai chhochhi kha cha hla pa-awh laihna chôta ochhôh amâ zâ ngiahpa ta ei pahno! Ochhôh zâ ngiah pi ta, eima laihsa nô chhao kha a no-âh kaw thlâh ha thlyu aw? Reihkah pha kawpa nata ahuatlâ kawpa ta bie maniah a vaw chhopa ta, keimo hlâta vaw charei tua penawh kiah liana chata a tyuh ta, bielôhawhpa maniah reikhei pathao ha ta. Rei chiehpa hawhta sâhti eima pahrao vâ tlai a châ thlyu aw, keima noza pasôh kawpa chhao kha he zâ he cha ochhôh eimâ zâ ngiah pataw nahta Thopi thlôhpa kha ei pado pathao pâ lymâ ha hra! Anodeikua, a paru lâta eima ziza deikua â hri kaw. Kha hawhta vaih hro mo kiahpâh liata eima laihsa chareipa â tyuhpa kha eima Unawhpa Beingalai nata Zosa khata ama ngia rai a ryh thai vei. Hrohrâ ta Pâpâ kiahpâh liata patyusa thomo awpa kha amâ chhuahpa he vaw châ ta.

              Sâhti eima pahraona vâta noza chhao pahno khao leipa ta ypa ta, keimo he khiama lai chai pi eimâ tahna zawzi ta Thopi thlôhpa cha nyu 1 sai eima hlao haw! Thopi maniah a piepa chhao kha mokha molo ta doh thlâh ha leipa ta, satlia hropa vaw charei hra penawh ngiaryh lei awpa ta Beingalai chata a pyu paro thei chaina dâh hawhta doh ha hei ta. A doh chhao doh vei, a pahrao khiama tah ngâkaw awpa ta a thopi dopa pyu ru kawpa kha â tlao ta â tlao ngâkaw! Ki kha lâ vâ heih na, eima seihnai chaipa Zôsa hra cha asaingaityu ta a thopi donapa nyu ruapa kha avâ lâ chaluah liahsa khai hapa ta Amul nata Chini nôh cha pakhei ngâkaw heih! Beipha chhao a chalih chakhyh vei. Hawthai reih lâ tawhta asaingaityu ta, “Pawpaw y khari-ke phau ly”, tahpa ta pahneina chôta maniah vaw pasipasawh ngâkaw. Aw, eima chhâh a vaw chhie hmeiseih tlai na. Satlia hropa nawh vaw charei hrapa nahzy cha ama ngia rai a ryh khao vei. Buakha nahta buakha hlâta adi awpa ama reih pathao ngâkaw bâ. Anodeikua, keima nata Pâpâ he cha eima hry liata reihkah sôh kawpa nata uhthei viapa eima châ vâ chhao a châ thlyu aw, mokha molo ta y thlâh ha pi ta. Eima nawhta nah pathôh hra cha kaleih maniah pa-aosa awpa chhao apapeisa veih ei tah thei awpa ta Zyhtaw azapa hawhta y thlâh ha ei ta. Anodeikua pakhâ hlei ma pi. Eima palôhrupa lâta la vaih hro mo kha adi khai ha ei sala tahpa eima khoh thlâ hra pyly.

              Châhrasala vaih hro lâ tawhta vaw charei penawh hra kha adi tua awpa rai amâ chhuah leipa vâta  khôtho lâ cha châhnamei pazy awpa ta keima nata Pâpâ cha pua ha pi ta. Khôtho liata liahsa atyuhpa ta thadâh kawpa ta zâ chôthlapinô khaihna ry liata saochawh eima pazy ngâno chata Beingâlai cha apara kawpa heta kaw pua ha ta. Khâpa sualuah ma a vaw reih aw tahpa ta eimâ ngiachhi thlâh ha no chata a aopâ pâ kawpa nata reih cha-aw pâ kawpa chata, “Pâpâ, Bie…. khoh…va…na.. miaaaah…ama..mohnao. Ei…na..tah..lôh..ai ngâ…thlâh.. ei”, kaw tah tlavaih ha ta. Rei leipa ta liata eima hry liata seihnai chaipa nata chhyu chaipa Zosa chhao cha ochhôh tawhta kaw pua  heih hrapa ta, “Chapawsaw eimâ tu aw”, tahpa ta a viahkao cha pahluhpa ta lâthlôh lia cha awhsâh pathao ha hra ta. E khai!! Kei ahy saw hmahta atu beih leipa pua ei thlah a zoh pathao ha! Ei sâhti paripa chhao liahsa a pai khai khiama ei tah!

              Khôtho liata vâropi eima y tawh chata, vaih hro lâ tawhta vaw charei penawh chhao cha keimo eimâ di hapa vâ tlai châ thlyu aw? Adi awpa ta kaw pua pathao ha hra ei ta. Liahsa ta lâthlôhpipa ama kaw pua tawhna chata Beingalai pyly chata, “Nama….cha…paw…kaw sai he”, tahpa ta ama hry liata uhthei chaipa cha a kei pahniapa ta hmiachhy liata a kei duapâ ha ta. Cha hawhta Beingalai nata Vaih hropa paw hiehâh kawpa ta amâ eichhia ngâno chata a kâ lâ tawhna chata eima nawhta Zôsa hra cha chyhsa apachyh hmahta amâ pachyh hlâta â vaw chô thlâh ha bao. Âmo viasa pathôh, keimo viasa papalih, eima bua pathao haw! Thokha achapie ngâ bâ, thokha achô ngâ bâ. Cha hawhta eima bua ngâkawpa pyury vâna chata uhthei viapa nata nô nata paw thokhazy chata eima pyury theipa ta maniah vaw pachhaih ha ei ta! Taochhie deikua eima taochhie pâ thlâh ha.

              Eima taochhie pasa kaw vâ tlaima a châ thlyu aw, tawhta kha zâ kha ama vâdua pâ rai, keimo viasa sahlao nata eima bua khai tawhta amâ dina lâta satlia hropa nata vaw chhei lao heih ei ta, ama sa chhao a pasa kaw sai ei aw! Cha hawhpazy vâ tlaima a châ thlyu aw, eimâ pabualâhpa hry liata a uhthei chaipa paw, Siaha Department sâkha liata Officer cha a sawchapawpa nata Constable pakha chhaota a zupa ta eima hry liata uhthei chaipa nata â tulâhpa Pâpâ cha ama o lâ amâ zâ chhi thlâh ha bao! Anodeikua Constable chhao khata maniah patu awpa ta a zu hlei vei tahpa he tahmâ ei pahnopasia. Chyhsa mo alâluahpa, hneirôhpa eima tahpa heta a thla hlao nata aphuh leipa ta hneirôhpa a châ vâta hmiamo vâta tlâ za pazipa a châ. Anodeikua, aryhna ataotuhpazy he za achhih ei ta, pasâhsa chhao amâ chhih. Constable ta tlyhmia liata liahsa adyhna ku chalyusapa ta âmo chhao cha o lâ amâ di ha hra.

 

Khotuapa zy my la a ru tlai na!

Kha hawhta liahsa eima ao kaw pakyh pathao laih hrapa ta Uhthei viapazy ta ‘â satliasa thai dâh la’ tahpa eima kaw hlao pha hra tawhna kha cha laihsa chareina châh zy, â icha kawpa ta khopa hnei awpazy kha eima khoh kaw bâ hra. Anodeikua, keimo laihsa charei hrapa he cha a Battalion ta apazi ta, eikha thopi eima dopa chhao Chini Gram 25 nata Amul gram 20 pachhâ thei lymâpa eima châ tyh vâta laihsa nahzy châta cha ama o chareipa châ awpa he kho achhih tu hlei vei! Anodeikua, keimo unawh sahlaopa Papa, Sasa, Tete, Beipha tahpazy pi he cha khatino hmahta apachhaih thei tyh leipa eima châpa vâta a no-eih ta laihsa chareipa kha thei ma pi! Cha hawhpa duahmo liata aduahpa eima châpa vâna chata eima chhâh chhao a chhie kaw tyh! Cha bailai ta keimo hlâta sawnawh viapa nahzy maniah amâ vaw baichhi nahta chhochhi cha eima chhâh a chhie via rili heih!

Pachâ tyh na ta khahawh tlupo ta Beipha ta kyhpachâna a lapasa tyhpa kha pahno beih va na.  A kyhpachâna raihria dâh hra kha Love Letter ro lâta thata chahra ta, keima chhao tlai heta Love Letter syno hlei la ei roh nahta ei pangiasa. Anodeikua, a daihti no pachâpa ta cha tlao vâ achhih ta, palôhlie â chhih kaw tyh. A daihti no pachâpa ta cha Beipha kha a tlô sâh chai khiama i tahna ei hnei tyh. Kha daihti nota Mara râh charaopa ta hlasapa liata moh pathâhpa, hmipha sâseih cha rei byuh vei, ao pha chaipa ta reipa kha na eima patupa pasu ha. Kyh a pachâ hmeiseih hapa chhaota mao vei. Anosasyh ta thlah apazohpa ta, pachâ pha leipa ta a y tyhpazy chhao kha mao tiarâh vei. Ano châta cha a hrochhôh daihti zydua liata khopa eikha a hneina nata a kyhpachâ tuachaipa na a châ ha. Chavâta, mohropa khopa a hnei ma? Eina khoh hmeiseih ma? tahpa liata thata bua ta, ama hry liata kyhpachâna Adviser ta pachâpa, keima chhao tlai he a châhta cha ei nô a po kaw tyh!!

Tahmâ taihta ei thei ngâthlâh hapa cha a khopa nô a uasa zie nata a khoh hmeiseih zie, a dao zie palâsa n’awpa ta eima viasa sahlao ta Restaurant sâkha tawhta Fried Rice Plate 10, Hamburger 10, Lasi nyu 10, Egg-beef-Roll 10, Coffee Nyu 10, Fried Momo Plate 5 liahsa pa- pack sa khai pi ta, Rambo Polythene liata khôpa ta, Sâsâ ta liahsa apu ta Beipha khopa nô nah o lâ eima zu thlâh hapa kha la a vaw pi ha. Hâra deichhyna o tly awpazy eima lyu! Chanô 1 nie awpa khazie muarua eima cheipa kha a rônah tu ha. Kuva hra cha nie tiah lei pathlu thlâh ha pi. Kha hawhpa tawh chhaota kyh cha pachâ va na a tah khiah cha tlâ chhei pâ awpa chi! Beipha heta kha hawhta a hrochhôh ta ahy saw hmahta uasa ta, dao beih khao aw vei. Tahmâ taihta kha hawh muarua khata ama nô hmahta uasa vei.

A chhô zâ ta eima tlaitlaohthlu thlâh hapa vâna chata a chanôpa chhaota liahsa a vaw tlaichhai ha bâ hra. Anodeikua, eima viasa sahlao hry liata keima nata Tete ngâlâh kha Siaha liata a ypa châ pi ta, mohropazy deikua amâ chuna vâta su hro lâ vaw y laih khai ha ei ta, ano Beipha a y khao lei tawh cha a chanôpa hra cha, y pahâh lei ngâna taihta Beipha thâtih sai maniah hiahri thlâh ha bâ ta! A vâ zie nata bie achho awpa a byuh zie sai kha a reih thlâh ha tyh. Kha daihti nota Beipha ta châ a kaw paphao tyhpa kha, a khopa nô lâta Direct ta tlô tua leipa ta, keima nata Tete ta liahsa eima reihpasia khai tawhta a no, a chanôpa lâta a tlô tyh. Tlao a vaw ‘fair’ kaw. Chavâta ama bie nata hla zydua, a chhie ma a pha ma ei pahno khai ha tyh hra.

Anodeikua, chyhsapazy pi he eimâ chhuahna nata eima khodâh hawh sai ta ato he tlô beih vei. Âmo ei viasa nahzy chhao he ama daihti nota cha kyh apachâ chaipa nata akhoh chaipa khiama tah awpa ta vaw y tyh ei ta, anodeikua hmia lia meithâhpi a zawh tlôh! Cha hawhta kyh apachâ kawpa nata akhoh kawpa ta khiama ama y thlâh ha ei tah no chata, ei viasa Beipha pakah tawh cheingei chata a khopa nô ta apabâ zie nata khopa hropa a hneisai zie cha na chho ha ta. Kei kyhpachâna Adviser chhaota taodâh n’awpa pahno va na! Ei theina zydua papuapa ta ei viasa paw châna chata thapi papuapa ta, vaw kua heih awpa ta lyuhchâ tyh hr’aw sala sihnôh kua thai khao lei awpa a châ zie cha na chho ha ta!

 

‘Hazoh chôthlahpinô khaih ry lia,

Chô awhsicharuzy sai laih na;

Hnazô ei ti thei lei paw bao kha na,

Eina za patheisa rili tyh.

 

Khazia lôh hro eina phaosai chi?

Seihnai vaw kua thai khao va chi ma?

Lyuhbie hlâ awpa a ryh tlôh va,

Chô Khazoh ryhrao lei châ ha tawh.

 

Nâ la e, chhithai nô hnaih chi ta,

Kyh ch’aw pachâtuhpa hluhpi hry lia;

Na kho via paw lâ cha tlei ha chi,

Rairao paw dei n’aw pathlua ha chi.

 

Tahmâ chhaihna lyuhbie n’aw hlâ chi,

Eina khôsai dâhdei aw chi mâ?

Hâzoh ei ramâ lâ chhâta la,

Rairao paw châ vaw pawh heih mah y.

 

Eima unawhpa he mao tiarâh vei. Kyh a pachâ chaipa nata a kho chaipa tlai ta na lôh hro a phaosai ha. Keimo a viasa sahlaozy pi heta taotheipa hnei tlôh pi va. Eima taotheipa ychhôhpa nata a palôh eima pangâna ychhôhpa cha palôh pasa kawpa nata lôhlie kawpa ta a Room liata ‘Hâzoh’ tahpa hla pasasa ta eima nahthliekheipa kha tlâ a châ. 

Ano bao kha hmahta eima tah ngâno ta, eima nawhta Sasa chhao cha a eikha n’awpa ta Beipha hawhna chata a daihti nata nohzy a hmâh pathao ha hra heih bao!! Ano Sasa mawh he cha, cha hawhta buakhei muarua awpa ta y vei. Ano kho ta chatôh chatâ laih ta, a chhâ chhâna lâ deikua â chhuah leipa pita ano hmâchhâh ta lahpinô chhiehrupa, sia kaw tlôhpa atyhpa ta tahmâ cha liahsa saw a sa ha bâ.  Tahmâ cha buakhei awpa ta y khao leipa ei ta, a ly â chhih hmeiseih. Keima nata Tete he lahpinô chhao hnei mâh leipa ta eima y thlâh ha chy hi! Ama saw nahzy ta “Pawpaw, pawpaw” maniah ama tah ngâ kaw bâ.

 

‘Khataih lia nama y ei lailazy saih u,

Tlâh to azawh ta cha vaw tlua laih ei na;

Lôh miakha phaoh ta charei daihti,

Ramâ hawh ama châ khai he zaw!

 

              Chareina tlâhzy ananopa ta lahpi lahvia chhao hnei khai ha hra ei sala, chhôhso lia viasa phapa eima châna deikua lei beih leipa aw ta, khatino hmahta chhôhso liata lapa-eihpa ta y beih aw ma pi. Eima locho thyudyu daihtizy khi vâpa ta aw pakhua ngâkaw hra ei sih la, vaw kua thai awpa rimâ châ khao tlôh ei va. Kha hawhpa daihtizy kha ama rohpady pakhua tyh h’raw vâ ma? Ama rohpady châhta la kei rairao paw, ama viasa tloh lei chaipa he ta ‘ama palôh â lie cheingei hra aw’ tahpa ta he ei châropa he âmo sahlao châta ei hlâ ei.

 

  

1.    Editorial                                                                                   2

2.   Iakhai Lôkhaoh

                              ~ K. Pari                                           3

3.    Ei Viasa lôhkhyzy khawh

                                    ~ Abie Nôtlia                                              13

4.   Pachuna rai; rai rônahpa

                              ~ Rev. NC. Beihrosia                     20

5.    Thyutliapazy eimâ chadie ma?                                       

~ Beihrua Lôdua                                       24

      6.   Football khizaw liata chhiena

rarôh-y viapazy                                                     30

 

 

 

IAKHAI LÔKHAOH

 

~ K. Pari

              ( He châpaw (Article) he Pihnô K. Pari châbu, “Hlâno Mara su peimawhpazy” tahpa tawhta lapachhuahpa a châ. Ed)

 

Iakhai khih, Chhaolôbyuh liata khih ama sa nota Sah-ia chariah ta vaw chho ei ta, cha nota ama beipa Iakhai a thi tlamaw awpa ama chipa vâta lôkhaoh âryh kawpa liata khihsaw ta nyu ei ta, chariah liata â bohpa ta a y. Chavâta he ama nyuna lôkhaoh he Iakhai lôkhaoh tahpa ta ama bi palâh ha. He lôkhaoh yna he Motor ta Amobyuh khih tawhta Tipa lâpi achhihpa ta Minute sâpangawh rachhôh arâ tah tlô theipa châ ta, lâpi kiah laikachha liata ypa a châ.

              He Iakhai lôkhaoh he feet 6 ta akawhpa, feet 7 rachhôh ta athupa a châ. A chhôh liata chyhsa pahrawh rachhôh eimâ tlôh. A lôkhaoh yna dâh he a chhâhta y ta, Motor lâpi mahchha lôkâhpa liata a ypa a châ. A ry lâtahpa cha Motor lâpi tawhta feet 30 rachhôh asâhpa liata y ta, cha chô feet 20 rachhôh asâhpa liata lôkhaoh aryh kawpa a y heih. He lôkhaoh chô lâ he tlâh sâpôhpa ta a kaw pazao ta, cha lôkhaoh nata a tlâhthlôhpa akaw luahna likawh cha feet 30 rachhôh â sâh aw. A chô lâ tlâhthlôhpa cha kaw by laih ta, cha tlâhthlôhpa khy lymâpa liata kha hlâta Tlôsaih mo (Iakhai azi penawh) ta khih ama vaw sa. Sâpôh aluahna tawhta Iakhai lôkhaoh ngai awpa ta cha phei ta chô thai rimâ’pa châ leipa ta, khawhri nata a pathliah’pa a byuh. A chhâpa cha ahnai zylyh ta chhutlapa châ leipa ta, he tlâhthlôh chhâna he eikhapi ta lôkâh pâdawhpa a châ.

              He lôkâh he anyu n’awpa ta â ryhpaoh kawpa a châ. A chô lâ tawhta phei ta azâ ngiahnao thai’pa châ leipa ta, khawhri ta azâ pathliah mawh ei sala a chhôh liata anyu penawh ta vaw taochhie’pa châ ei, a ry lâ tawhta a kiana ru kaw ta, kaw chho thai’pa châ vâ, chichhihpa tawhta â boh kaw.

 

Tlôsaih mo khih ama za sa laihna dâh 

              Tlôsaih chi he Hiakha râh Leisaih, Zyuphia nata Leita likawh tlâh liata y ei ta, Kô 1550 rachhôh ta Leisaih tawhta Bôly lâ a pasie heih ei ta, cha nota Hlaipaoh chizy he Bôpi liata khih ama sa hra. Sarao tlâh liata zy, Chakho tlâh liata zy chhao â pasie laihpa amâ lyu. Cha tawhta Zyuphia by lâ amâ zâ pasie heih. He su liata kô 20 tlai ama pahrâ tawhta Tlâry Iakhai Hlychho he ama beipa châta amâ kaw lapa a châ.

              Iakhai Hlychho lahpinô châta Hnaro zuah he Kô 1600 rachhôh ta hiapa ei ta, Kô 1 hlei tawhta Sawchapaw Khaicho sa ta, Zyuphia liata ama y nota Khaicho cha lahpinô hnei ta, Sawchapaw Rolia 1-na a sa. Rolia 1-na ta Rolia 11-na nata Tai-ô sa ta, Rolia 11-na ta sawchapaw Kheisaw sa ta, Kheisaw chata sawchapaw Iakhai 11-na nata Kheisaw 11-na a sa heih.

              Zyuphia tawhta beinô kiah Ngalâ liata ama za y heih. He liata ama y nota Nôhro bei Zawtô a kaw la ei ta, châhrasala a chiehleipa vâta Kô 3 hroh ta, a thi haw. Cha tawhta Laichi Thlatlâ Hlychho amâ kaw la heih. Ngalâ tawhta beinô vaw chaka ei ta, he daihti nota abeipa Iakhai 1-na cha a thi haw. Beinô ama vaw chaka tawhta Phusâ tlâh (atahmâta Chhaolô râh) liata y ei ta, cha tawhta Lôhawka Siata kupi liata y heih ei ta, cha tawhta Zôbu (Theiva nohdih, Theiri chadiepa) liata ama za y heih. Zôbu khih liata abei Laichi he thi ta, cha su tawhta Bykhi lâ amâ vy. Ama reina dâh ta bei Laichi Hlychho he pathichhie kawpa hawhta ama reih. Ei kha cha a sahlaozy chhaota Matu râh lâ khih tlyh ta, Zyhno nata Chapi likawh ama sie nota Zyhnopa Rora lyu kei tlô ei ta, chapu liata amâ rie. Abei pi ta ama chapu a kei tlô thlâh hapa cha Rora chhaota vaw za kaw ta, a theina hawhta a vaw ly-ua ta, â vaw ly. Rora lahpi nata a sawnah deikua ta cha bei Laichi apiezie nata mohna padeina zie ama hmô nahta a hi nâ lei p’ei ta, Awhpanô tih thla ngâhaipa ama thie awpa siesaipa ta o lâ amâ kaw lâh ha.

              Rora, Laichi nata a sahlao nah cha pati pahâh kawpa ta nie ei ta, ama nie khai nahta thlai amô ei ta, a mylâ mydi ta abei Laichi ta Rora hnohta a chaihrai Sei cha atiah kawpa ta chata awpa ta chho ta, cha hawhna chata atiah kawpa ta a chatapa khai nahta bei Laichi cha pie ta, bei Laichi nata a sahlaozy cha sie awpa ta a chhuah ei ta, Rora chhao cha lyupâh taih pathlie awpa ta chho ta, lyurâh ama tlô tawhta Laichi ta Rora cha Asei a chatasapa nahta a viehsao ha ama tah. Âmo cha Matu râh lâ sie ha ei ta, a hnoh tawhta Rora ri cha Zyhno mo ta ama hmô nahta ama palôh pasa kaw ta, ama hie chhao a hâh kaw hra. Phuh l’awpa ta Zyhno mo ta Hlaipaoh nata Chapi lâ zikyu parâsa ta, hmo yziezy pahnosa ta, Laichi â zâ liena lâ patu awpa ta a pahnosa ei. Cha tawhta Laichi nata a sahlao nah cha Matu râh lâ tawhta a zâ lie ei ta, Taikua liata amâ kaw rie. Bei avaw tlôpa cha Taikua beipa ta sahmazy baopa ta, Awhkhy hlazy sa ei ta, Laichi ta hlazy vaw vâh (pathao/la) ta, “Tlâh kiah na moluh phaoh na, Chavah sao na, sa luh phaoh na”, tahpa ta â reithaina hla a vaw pathluah lymâ. Taikua beipa ta thlai thyukhei ta, “Kei hla vaw vâh hra tua sâh, ‘Tlâh kiah chi, mo luh phaoh chi, Chavah sao chi, sa luh phaoh chi, Pachie lô ta a cha tlathlu hra maw nâ”, tahpa ta a vaw sa hra. Cha hawhta sahmazy doh ei, hla ta achyh-ei ei ama tah khai tawhta bei Laichi cha Taikua bei chhiesana cha a palôh chakhei thlâh ha ta, cha tawhta Chapi lâ za sie ei ta, Zyhno, Hlaipaoh nata Chapi apakaohpa ta Laichi cha patu ei ta, Mawhrei tawhta km 3 rachhôh âhlapa Vahtiepa liata ama thie. He chavah he ‘Laichi ama thiena vah’ tahpa ta ama bi pâ ha. Keimo chhao Hlichhy Hly-ah anyuna lôkhaoh eima tly nota â hla tawhta he Laichi thiena su he miah ama pahmô hra. Bei Laichi ama thiena dâh he a pasa tu hapa vâta he hawhta hla ama phi:

 

Avyhpa kô liata sairâhpa pahluah na,

Nohly chhih ta Ma-ai pavaw sâ vei’ tahpa ta.

 

              Thokha reizie ta cha Rora saw nahta na Laichi a thie ei, ama tah. Bykhih liata bei pano Laichi samohpa nata Iakhai 11-na y ei ta, he khih tawhta kô 1837 rachhôh ta Iakhai nata Zany cha achhaih ei ta, Iakhai nata khihsaw thokha hluh via syulyu cha Kalytlâh lâ lyutlapa ta, cha liata kô 1 y ei ta, cha tawhta Khocheitlâh liata apasie ei ta, cha tawhta Chhalô khihry/khihlô liata ama y heih. Iakhai lahpinô he Khaotha sawchanô Zany sietanô Saza Hlychho a châ.

 

Iakhai nata Zany amâ chhaihna chhâpa

              Zôbu khih tawhta Bykhih za y ei ta, Bykhih liana heta kô hluhpi khih ama sa. Mathipi nata Hnaihly ta abei ama lapa sawzy cha sabai sahaw dei châ leipa ta kyh to liata abei achakao chahlâhpa vaw châ lymâ ei ta, he Bykhih liata ama y chhôhta abei machhie ta pakah paleih ama mo chaipazy cha Mathipi Thâbei nata Hrakhu Hnaihly zy ama châ.

He Bykhih liata ama yno heta Siaha nata Saikao tahpa reina y thai mâh vei, abei ama lapa sahlao Iakhai, Tlâry Hlychho, nata Laichi,  Thlâtlâh Hlychho tahpa ta apahruana pahno theipa ta a y ha thlyu aw. Bykhih liata abeizy cha Iakhai II-na nata Khaothâ saw Zany châ ei ta. He bei pano penawh he sabai sahaw âkhopa ta pahmôsapa châ ei ta, abei Zany deikua cha â daihpa ta pahno leipa ta, chhie nata haw cha Chhiahvia, Saovia, Vaohry, Awhry, Maohry, Iahry, Chhipâ Lôhpâ vaophei, Awh phei taihta khihsawzy liata a lapa tyh thlyu aw. He vâna heta Tlôsaih chi thokha sahlao ta chhyhthai khao leipa ei ta, achhaih n’awpa a ru lâta ama tei hnolo.

              Beipa Iakhai deikua cha areisi ngaitapa ta y ta, machhie sawzy chhaota ama za ngaita hra. Abei Zany achhyh thai leipa zydua cha Kalypa tlâh lâ lyu hnei ei ta, châh a vaw di nahta o lâ ama sie chy ta, Mathipi Thabei nata Hrâkhu Hnaihly chata, “Ahy hmahta sawpâh phaoh tlâ khuh vy”, tahpa ta lyupih mo cha ama chho khai haw. O lâ cha tlô khai tua ei ta, Mathipi Thâbei chata Bykhih liata apahrâpa zydua panie-pados’awpa ta kyhchhina tao ta, Seihtôhpa kikyh pôkha, Vao sôcharupa pôkha thie ta, tlyliah liata sahma sâtlâh paziahpa ta niedopa ta y ei ta, atahmâ la pati liahsa ama nie khai h’aw tah tawhta Mathipi Thâbei chata sôkhaih zua a la ta, abei machhie beih rai, râchâ zydua cha a phy chheih khai haw, ama tah.

             

Tlôsaih mo cha amâ vaw chhaih haw

              Kô 1837 rachhôh ta Tlôsaih chyhsazy cha Bykhih tawhta avaw chhaih ei ta. Bei Iakhai II-na nata khihsaw hluh via syulyu cha Bykhih puasai’pa amâ chhuahpa vâta a vaw zoh tawhta tlâh awh ei ta, “Mylâ la, a khohpa maihta deihrâh lâ lyu moh u la, a khohpa maihta atuh lâ lyu moh muh vy”, tah ei ta. Kha hlâta bei Zany achhyh thai leipa maih cha a mylâpa ta deihrâh kalypa tlâh lâ lyu moh chanei heih ei ta, Politics ama vaw thai kaw. Ama reihkah ta, “Cha khoh khao ma pi, eima cha siesai h’aw”, tah leipa ta, y hâta amâ chhuahna cha lyu mona kyh tawhta a pi ama patlohpa a châ. Chatanachata lyu va â vaw daih nahta Bykhih cha puasai ei ta, lyuva byureih liata kô kha ama pahrâ pâ.

              Ama siesai penawh beipa Zany nata khihsaw odyh sycharie cha, Bykhih liana chata pahrâ khao hra leip’ei ta, he su tawhna heta Tlôsaih cha Saikao nata Siaha ta amâ pachhaih haw. Tlôsaih-Saikao phao cha ama beipa Iakhai 11-na chhihthana ry liata notla lâta sie laihpa ta Saikao a ngia ei ta, Iakhai 11–na heta Khaotha sawchanô Saza, Zany sietanô cha lahpinô ta a hneipa a châ. Tlôsaih-Siaha phao cha Khaotha saw ama beipa Zany, a unawhpa Bihmô ta atyuchakhai laihpa ta he suzy liata ama pahrâ. Chiachi byuh liata y ei ta, cha tawhta Tilei Lôkâh ry liata apasie heih ei ta, cha tawhta Tisôpi khih (Sawtliapazy ta ‘Khiry’ ama tahpa, Siaha Khitaw nata Tisôpi khih kiahpâh liata a ypa a châ) liata a pasie ei ta, Khiry liata ama y nota ama beipa Zany cha thi ta, Zany sawnah Hmôtlo nata Kikhaw chhihthana ry liata Tlôsaih-Siaha chizy cha Sicha, Tlaopi (Saby) zy nata Phaikhih Noh-ao chavah kiah liazy ama pahrâ.

              Noh-ao tawhta Tlôsaih-Siaha chi cha phao no (2) ta apachhaih ei ta, Beita nata Hleisa liata amâ pasie. Beita liata Kikhaw a bei ta, Hleisa liata Hmôtlo â bei. Beita khih he Titlao vahtie hnawh Beita chavah haosa liata a ypa a châ. Hleisa cha tahmâ ta Supply pathlana (Droping Zone) nata Circuit House yna khi a châ.  Helipad ama chao no chhao ama thlârypa liata luhrypa nata hmobaoh ama hmô hôlôpa hawhta ama reih.

Thokha reina dâh ta Hlychho bei nahta Siaha amâ zâ ngia no heta Khuhly nah he Siaha liata amâ vaw bei ha hrapa hawhta reih ei ta, atahmâ ta (Dropping Zone) Helipad he Khuhly nah thlâsu châ ta, Circuit House chaby Hleisa khih ama tahpa liana heta vaw pahrâ tua ei ta, he su liana heta ama beipa cha Hlytha Khuhly a châ. He su liata ama yno heta ama beipa Hlythâ cha thi ta, tlâh laki, tahmâta Helipad su liana heta Thlâpi lai kawpa tao ei ta, cha liata ama pabu. He thlâpi liana heta moluh papangawh Khipo (K. Valy mahpaw) taihta ama pabu.

              Hlytha thi tawhta a sawchapaw Phosa cha abei heih ta, ano â beina daihti liata ama khihsawzy ta ama khihsana he â sâh kawpa vâta thophao-tithaina ru tu ha ta, apasie awpa ta ama khona cha ama beipa ta hlaopatlohpa ta, atahmâ ta Siaha khih he khihsa n’awpa ta moh ei ta, abei Phosa nata a khihsaw pasaiphapazy ta a su cha chahryh ei ta, a hmohmâh pha kaw ta, cha ama chahryh nota Masiah hâh lai’pi hmô pâ ei ta, ama tha a pawh ngâsâ.  Masiah cha râhsa zydua hry ta alai chaipa châ ta, byhnâ a y nahta chhao ama pangiasa kaw ha. Cha hawhna chata  thlai va ei ta, ynazy aparyh ei ta, Masiah hâh ama hmôpa vâta a khih moh chhao “SIAHA” ama vaw tah pâ ha ama tah.  Sapitlâh, atahmâ ta Deputy Commissioner, Siaha Office nata a chheipâh liata Khuhly nah abei ei ta, Sâtatlâh liata Hlychho nah amâ bei pazao lymâpa hawhta ama reih.

              Hleisa tahpa ta ama bina chhâpa cha Hleisa tho he tlâh liata a hluh kawpa vâta Hleisa khih bipa a châ. Beita tahpa ama bina chhâpa cha kha hlâta Bei ama beina su a châpa vâta a châ. Hleisa nata Beita liata khih ama za sana daihti he kô 1875 pata alaichadaipa châ ta, Siaha khih â duana kô ta apyhpa a châ. Siaha khih thâtih liata hmo peimawhpa ngiatlâh viapa tlâhpipazy cha:

 

              1). Kô 1891 pata Tlôsaih-Siaha nata Tlôsaih-Saikao cha South Lushai Hills British Administration ry liata sopa a châ.

              2). Kô 1933-pa liata Local Church Achhyna o hmiatua chaipa cha Siaha khih liata paduapa a châ.

              3). Kô 1953 liata Siaha cha P.L. Regional Council khihpi a châ.

              4). Kô 1957 liata Mara râh liata High School hmiatua chaipa cha Siaha liata paduapa a châ.

              5). Kô 1971-pa, 6th June liata Motor (Jeep) patlôsapa a châ.

              6). Kô 1972 pata Chhimtuipui District khihpi a châ.

              7). Kô 1999-pa September ta Siaha District khihpi a châ.

              Tlôsaih Saikao mo cha Kalypa râh liata y ei ta, châh a di tawhta khohchei tlâh liata ama y laih.

 

              He ‘khohchei tlâh’ tahpa he Dawhmâ Cha-aw Hlychho ta khoh acheina su a châpa vâta ‘Khohchei tlâh’ ama bi. Cha leipa chhaota Theivâ râh liata Dawhmâ lyubi tahpazy y hra ta, he lyubi chhôh liana heta Dawma ta a sôh, dawh hluhpi cha a lei ry liata paso (pabu) ta, a sôh dawh pasopa cha rao pâ khai ha ta, a kiah a ei pâ holôpa vâta ‘Dawh-ei tlâh’ khâ ama tah.

              Khohchei tlâh tawhna heta Chhaolô khihry nata khihlô liata ama y heih (atahmâ ta Theivâ khih kiahpâh). He liata ama yna daihti liata beipa Iakhai 11-na cha a machâ kaw ha bâ, a sawchapawpa Thylai chhao liahsa a satlia hapa a châ. Chhaolô liata Sa-ia chariah ta ama chho

              Kô 1840 liata adyuhna a vaw y chhâna cha, Bykhih liata Tlôsaih ta amâ paihsai tawhta Siaha-Tlôsaih ta Saikao-Tlôsaih chyhsa liata viarithô ama khona thâtih he Thlâtlâh bei Vâhno ama chho. Siaha cha beipa Laichi pathla ama châpa vâta, a tha pasa ta, ei kha palôh thyu ta, Tlôsaih chyhsa chhopa cha â ryhpa hawhta pachâ ta, he hawhta palôh ama phao lichih ta bei Zany lahpinô Nohtâ (Thlâtlâh bei Vahno sietanô) cha Chiahchi by liata khih ama sa nota nawh chô liata thi ta, Thlâtlâh beipa Vâhno chhaota a ri a za kiah hra.

Cha no chata Tlôsaih-Saikao mo pano Tiahdô nata a viasa cha Nohtâ ri ama kaw kiah hra. Cha liata khihchhôh mo ta he hawhna heta bie ama hiahri, “Khataih lâ ma nama vaw laih?”, tah ei ta, âmo chata, “Ri na eima  vaw kiah,” tah ei ta. Âmo chata, “Uh kia ma, tlâh kia maw?”, tah ei ta. Mathipi Tiahdô chata, “Uh kia na”, a tah. Âmo chata, “Nâma dyhkha kiapa châ ta, khazia, Tlôsaih vâtlâh ta eima saw ri he maniah ama kia khoh vei”, tah ei ta, pahnaipahny ei ta, ama za sie noh ta pohchypa liata theisâlô pabyuh ei ta, pohchy hropa liata zaih pabyuh (chaty) hra ei ta, “He he nama beipa za pie muh vy”, tah ei ta, ama pasiesa ama tah.

              He hmo ama paphaopa he a pachâna chhao pahno veih ei. Ama vaw tlô nahta abeipa cha pie ei ta, “He theisâlô nata zaih heta a cha za siehnao aw”, tahna a châ. Cha tawhna chata Thlâtlâh beipa Vahno chata Sâ-ia nata Mohtu cha chho ta, “Nâmo heta Tlôsaih chho u la, meikhuh vaw pakhu sa la, nama chho n’awpa aparaoh muh vy”, tah ta. Meikhuh ama vaw pakhu pataw nahta Sâ-ia nata Mohtu cha aparaoh ei ta, Tlôsaih cha ama tlahnao. My râh ta Khulu lâ tawhta za rahao ei ta, “Khâpa khichhai maw, cha ama hluh rimâ cha!”, tah ei ta. Meithei pyu ama vaw thei nahta, “Chariah na, Chariah na”, tah ei ta, thata amâ râpai. Arâ hmâ leipazy cha thata ama thie ama tah.

              He ama za siehnaona liata Thlâtlâh beipa Vâhno chhao a hlao hra ta, Chhaolô khih ama tlô hlâta, atahmâ ta Tlôsaih khih mahchha lâ Keihchô tlâh liata Vanhnin cha a tyuh ta, a mothlih pathla ngâkaw ta, Fanai sahlao chata, “Nâma ta Tlôsaih siehnao’pa ta mia pahrua chi ta, atahmâ na mothli tlao na pathla ngâkaw, nâma he tlao cha pahlei-padia ha si y”, ama tah. Chyhsa amâ vaw tlao pâ tu hapa a hmô nahta cha a palôh thata a pasa thlyu aw.

              He no heta abei pawpipa Iakhai cha khihsawzy ta lôkhaoh lâ amâ râkhei. Chavâta â bohpa ta a y ama tah. Sa-ia chariah ta Tlôsaih chyhsa arâ charei penawh o lâ amâ vaw di awpa cha hâ thlâh hâ ei ta, noh thôh tlai ama hâ tawhta ama vaw pua leipa vâta sie a chhuah ei ta, ama sie chyta vao sa nata chyhsapa sa cha chhoh pahlao ei ta, beihhâhkâ liata rahô hluhpi ta ama chhopa cha ama siesai. Sâ-ia mo ama siepa thâtih lyurâhpa liata achho pachhuah lymâ ei ta, khih lâ a vaw lyh hnolo ei ta, nôpi, pawpipa nata a chiehleipazy cha lyurâhpa liata ama thi charei hôlô. O a vaw tlô theipazy cha ama nodipa vâta, sa beih ama chhopazy cha thaoh ei ta, chyhsapa ku nata pheizy ama hmô nahta ama dâhkhaw hao ei ta, a pasa ama tah ngaita kaw.

              He Sa-ia ta Tlôsaih ama chho no heta, Tlôsaih ta Lyhhu a siehnao chhôh châ ta, abeipa Thylai nata Tlôsaih chyhsa riahphapa zydua cha ama sie khai hapa a châ. Lyhhu ama siehnaopa ama vaw tlô tawhna chata, hmo yzie zydua cha pahno ei ta, ama hâh ama charieh ngâkaw ei aw. Sâ-ia cha siehnao’pa achhuah ei ta, chavâta satlia laihsa ta thla no (2) chhôh zaih phy ei ta, amâ chhuanoh ngâsâ.

Sâ-ia khih cha kaw siehnao tlai ei ta, thata kaw ama kaw thie hra. Ama beipa Nyuchhô nata a lahpinô cha thyu hmâ leipa ei ta, rakhô liata patu ei ta, ahrohpa ta amâ zâ chhipa hawhta ama reih. Abei cha thie hraohpa a châ leipa vâta ahrohpa ta o tlôkhei’pa amâ chhuah nota, Sâ-ia sahlao chata ama beipa cha azâ chadai lymâ ei ta, pachie pareih hawhta Meithei za papa lymâpa ta Tlôsaih mo cha ama za pha. Tlôsaih chyhsa riahpha via pahchaipazy cha ama beipa Thylai Hlychho, Laikai Tlapyu nata Riahmô Hlychho zy châ ei ta, cha no chata Sâ-iapa chata Riahmô cha ama vaw kasao haw.

              Tlôsaih sahlao chata Sâ-ia beipa nôvah ama papua tahpa ama pahno tawhta Sâ-ia sahlao cha thata ahrâh via ei ta. Tlôsaih sahlao ama za sie no khata Beinô hleiri ama chhawh tarawpa ta, ama beipa nata a lahpinô ama pathlie hlâta a châpa vâta, ama luh liata Meithei a chahry pâ ei ta, Beinô cha amâ vaw zaw lymâ.

              Abeipa Thylai nata Laikai chata thokarypa achhai ei ta, Sâ-ia sahlao cha thata ama thie heih. Thylai nata Laikai riahphana vâta Tlôsaih za thôh cha âbohpa ta khih ama tlô haw. Tlôsaih chyhsa heta Burma râh liata Matupazy khâ ama za siehnao tyh hra. He vâna heta Matupa sahlao ta Tlôsaih chyhsa cha thlah ama sa ngaita.

              He Sâ-ia pahniena liata pasaipha riahpha viapazy cha, Thylai Hlychho, Laikai Tlapyu nata Riahmô zy ama châ. He amâ chhona he Mara History liata cha rarôh-ypa nata piry chaipa châ ta, hla lia taihta he hawhta ama vaw phihnâ:

 

“A vâpi sua suah, tipi ngalo kiah kiah,

Tlaikaopa riah chi va na,

Sa-iapa riah chi va na,

Khu taih khu taih zu ei si,

Tlaikaopa riah chi va na,

Sa-iapa riah chi va na,

Ama y ma, y vei ma, thokhaotlâh,

Ama laichahrih lia meithei phô papa”.

 

              Kô sypalih tlai â padai tawhta Kô 1884 rachhôh Viah lai chyta Lôtia beipa Dokulha cha khihsaw a zâ chhi ta, Tlôsaih mo Saikao ama za y tawhta a khihsaw chhaota za tlô ei ta, Saikao mo cha ama no-âh kaw. Sahma bao ei ta, Vao  thiepa ei ta, cha tawhta Saikao ama puasai. A nawhta Vataoh a zu heih ta, Saikao mo pano lyu liata ariepa Laila nata Phongia patu ei ta, a siekhei syulyu ha. Saikao mo chata ama pahnopa nahta Kaly tlâh lâta chhaokhâh ei ta, Vataoh cha ama kasao ha. Tlôsaih Saikao mo Saikao khih ama y tua kô he 1882-1886 likah liata a châpa ta pahnopa a châ.

              Tlôsaih nata Pawi nah he ama likawh liata aryhleina khâ a ypa vâta, aryh n’awpa ta Saikao bei Thylai sawchapawpa Chhôhmô lahpinô châta Tlaopi beipa Ngunlinga sawchanô Seinâ cha ama kaw hiah. He a kaw hiahtuhpa he saikao bei machâ K. Thadu a châ. Ama likah liata akhakhaina chariah-chakeih hawhta a châ thlâh hapa bao naihta ama palôh mo n’awpa ta I pôno pachhisa ei ta, kô thôh amâ vao tawhta ama kaw pie pakhua heih. Cha tawhta ama paryhpa a châ (Source: Seichi Hlychho D/o Chhôhmô Hlychho). He rakha tawhta cha Lakher nata Py, Sâ-ia nahzy cha adyhryh kawpa ta ama y ha bâ.

 

  Source: Board of Mara Literature, MADC, Siaha.